Cerritos College Common Sense and Declaration of Independence Essay

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Do an essay about this two topics. 
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Extracted from lecture slides and videos
1.) Common Sense 
   2.) The Declaration of Independence
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Lecture Slides
Give Me Liberty!
AN AMERICAN HISTORY
FIFTH BRIEF EDITION
by
Eric Foner
Chapter 5
New Yorkers remove king George’s
likeness
A French engraving depicts New Yorkers tearing
down a statue of King George III, July 1776.
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 5th Brief Edition
Copyright © 2017 W.W. Norton & Company
Lecture Preview
•
•
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The Crisis Begins
The Road to Revolution
The Coming of Independence
Securing Independence
Focus question:
The Crisis Begins
 Focus Question:
What were the roots and significance of
the Stamp Act controversy?
The Crisis Begins
•
We left last at the end of the Seven Years’ War, where it compromised the
British economy and attempted to tap into their subjects to rebuild their
economy. Yet, the British Colonists, the subjects, did not deem it fair to be
taken advantage due to a war they did not wage.
•
Consolidating the Empire:
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After the war, in the mid-1760s, the British returned to viewing colonists as
subordinates whose role was to enrich the mother country. Without precedent,
British rulers sought imperial reforms to make administration of the American
colonies more efficient and systematic, and to raise funds to help pay for the war
(which cost Britain far more than its colonies) and finance their empire. To them,
it seemed fair to force Americans to follow the Navigation Acts, help reduce the
war debt, and pay for continued British protection.
Taxing the Colonies
•
The Sugar Act of 1764
Actually reduced taxes on French molasses imported from the French West
Indies to North America, it also enacted new machinery to combat smuggling; the
colonists ignored the reduction in tax rate, and viewed the Act as an attempt to
force payment of a tax they previously would have evaded all together
•
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The Revenue Act of 1764
Enlarged the list of enumerated goods under the Navigation Acts, and a
Currency Act reaffirmed the ban on colonial paper money issued as “legal
tender.”
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The Stamp Act of 1765
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Represented a departure in imperial regulation and a direct tax on the colonies
rather than a tax on trade; it required all printed materials to carry a stamp
purchased from authorities. The purpose was to raise revenue without
consultation of colonial assemblies. The Stamp Act directly challenged colonial
elites who controlled revenue and its expenditure through colonial assemblies,
and these elites defended their authority in the name of liberty. This opposition
was the first great drama of the revolutionary period.
Virtual representation
Cartoon criticizing the idea of “virtual
representation,” 1775.
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 5th Brief Edition
Copyright © 2017 W.W. Norton & Company
The issue at hand
•
Taxation and Representation
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Colonists in the Americas and India viewed the empire as an
association of equals, in which free colonists had the same rights
as Britons at home. From Parliament’s perspective surrendering
the right to tax colonies would set a dangerous precedent for the
whole empire. Some opponents of the Stamp Act distinguished
between “internal taxes,” which they claimed violated their rights,
and trade regulation; but more and more colonists argued Britain
had no right to tax them at all behind the rallying cry “no taxation
without representation.” In October 1765, the Stamp Act
Congress made up of delegates from nine colonies met and
endorsed Virginia’s call to resist all unlawful taxation; they
affirmed their allegiance to the Crown, and “due subordination”
to Parliament, but also insisted on consenting to taxation.
Anti-stamp act teapot
Tea pot protesting the Stamp Act, produced in
England, and marketed in the colonies.
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 5th Brief Edition
Copyright © 2017 W.W. Norton & Company
No word was more often used for resistance than liberty
Resistance emerges
•
Liberty and Resistance
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No word was more often used for resistance than liberty
In cities such as New York and Boston, crowds often organized
by the Sons of Liberty destroyed the stamps, forced those
administering the law to resign, and enforced the boycott
•
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Sons of Liberty: Organizations formed by Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and
other radicals in response to the Stamp Act.
The Americans’ resistance led Parliament to repeal the Stamp
Act in 1766
However, that same year Parliament passed the Declaratory Act,
which affirmed that Parliament had the authority and power to
pass laws in the future that affected the colonies, including new
taxes.
Internal representation and social
strife
•
The Regulators
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Groups of backcountry Carolina settlers who protested colonial
policies.
In North Carolina, groups of small farmers taking the same name
refused to pay taxes, disrupted courts, and attacked local
officials and the property of land speculators, merchants, and
lawyers.
The emerging rift between Britain and America eventually
superimposed itself on conflicts within the colonies; the social
divisions made some of the colonial elite fear that opposition to
British measures might cause turmoil at home, and they were
more reluctant to challenge British authority when the next
imperial crisis arose.
Focus question:
The Road to Revolution
 Focus Question:
What key events sharpened the divisions
between Britain and the colonists in the
late 1760s and early 1770s?
A new set of taxes
•
The Townshend Crisis
•
Townshend Act of 1766:
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Parliamentary measures (named for the chancellor of the
Exchequer) that taxed tea and other commodities, and
established a Board of Customs Commissioners and colonial
vice-admiralty courts.
A colonial boycott on imported British goods developed in
Boston and spread to the southern colonies. Reliance on
homespun and other American goods over imported
fineries became a symbol of defiance, and reflected what
the colonists viewed as virtuous self-sacrifice.
escalation
•
The Boston Massacre of 1770
–
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Ee1R
AhDm3w
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Crispus Attucks, a sailor of mixed Native-AfricanWhite ancestry, became to be known as the “first
martyr of the American Revolution.”
John Adams defended the British soldiers, the Red
Coats, in court.
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7 were found not guilty
2 were convicted of manslaughter
Boston Massacre
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A misrepresentation of the event, depicted by Paul
Revere, was used as propaganda to mobilize the
colonists against the Red Coats
It illustrated an unprovoked attack by the Red Coats
on the innocent Bostonians
It worked, the illustration stirred up anger and had an
effect on the telling of the incident.
The boston massacre
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 5th Brief Edition
The Boston Massacre, by Paul Revere, 1770.
Copyright © 2017 W.W. Norton & Company
John wilkes
William Hogarth’s depiction of John Wilkes.
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 5th Brief Edition
Copyright © 2017 W.W. Norton & Company
The Road to Revolution
•
The Tea Act
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The Tea Act was intended to aid the East India Company and to help
defray the cost of colonial Government
However, it resulted in the Boston Tea Party
•
•
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The incident on December 16, 1773, in which the Sons of Liberty, dressed as
Natives, dumped hundreds of chests of tea into Boston Harbor to protest the Tea Act
of 1773.
The incident cost the East India Company 10k pounds equivalent to 4mil dollars
today.
The Intolerable Acts:
–
Four parliamentary measures in reaction to the Boston Tea Party that
forced payment for the tea, disallowed colonial trials of British soldiers,
forced their quartering in private homes, and reduced the number of
elected officials in Massachusetts.
The Mitred Minuet
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 5th Brief Edition
The Mitred Minuet, 1774
Copyright © 2017 W.W. Norton & Company
Focus question:
The Coming of Independence
 Focus Question:
What key events marked the move
toward American independence?
The Coming of Independence
•
The Continental Congress
–
•
First meeting of representatives of the colonies, held in Philadelphia in
1774 to formulate actions against British policies; in the Second
Continental Congress (1775–1789), the colonial representatives
conducted the war and adopted the Declaration of Independence and
the Articles of Confederation.
The Continental Association
–
authorized local Committees of Safety to enforce its policies and
act against “enemies of liberty” who violated the boycott or used
it as an opportunity to raise prices. This was the beginning of a
process that transferred effective political power from colonial
governments whose authority derived from Great Britain to
extralegal bodies reflecting the popular will
Liberty and war
•
The Sweets of Liberty
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As the crisis deepened, Americans increasingly based their claims not
simply on the historical rights of Englishmen but on the more abstract
language of natural rights and universal freedom.
Lockean ideal of natural rights
Jeffersonian incitement for revolution to achieve universal freedom
The Outbreak of War
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Lexington and Concord
• The first shots fired in the Revolutionary War, on April 19, 1775,
near Boston; approximately 100 Minutemen and 250 British
soldiers were killed.
War
•
The Battle of Bunker Hill was a British
victory, but the colonists forced General Howe
from Boston by March 1776.
•
•
New England militias laid siege to Boston, and after failed British
attempts to break the siege and the arrival of cannon seized from
the British by American militias at Fort Ticonderoga, the British
abandoned the city
The Second Continental Congress raised an
army and appointed George Washington its
commander.
Independence?
•
•
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What was the objective of the rebellion?
If the goal of this war was independence, it was not clear by
the end of 1775.
Opinions varied in the colonies as to the question of
independence.
– Some feared internal turmoil or a civil war down the road.
– Southerners outraged by Lord Dunmore (British)
proclamation offering freedom to slaves in Virginia.
Battles of Lexington and concord
Commemorative powder horn of the battles of
Lexington and Concord, by James Pike, 1776
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 5th Brief Edition
Copyright © 2017 W.W. Norton & Company
Paine’s contribution
•
Thomas Paine’s Common Sense (Doc. 31)
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Published in January 1776.
Criticizing monarchy and aristocracy, Paine called for a democratic system based on
frequent elections and a written constitution.
Paine termed a small island ruling a continent absurd.
Paine tied the economic hopes of the new nation to the idea of commercial freedom.
Paine argued that America would become a haven for liberty, “an asylum for
mankind.
Paine dramatically expanded the public sphere where political discussion took
place.
He pioneered a new style of political writing, engaging a far greater audience than
anyone before him.
His persuasions led the Second Continental Congress to sever the colonies’ ties with
Great Britain.
Common sense
The cover of the influential pamphlet
Common Sense by Thomas Paine.
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 5th Brief Edition
Copyright © 2017 W.W. Norton & Company
Independence declared
•
The Declaration of Independence
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Declaration of War adopted on July 4, 1776, that made the break with
Britain official; drafted by a committee of the Second Continental
Congress, including principal writer Thomas Jefferson.
The Declaration of Independence consisted of a long list of grievances
against King George III.
Jefferson’s preamble gave the Declaration its enduring impact.
The Declaration of Independence completed the shift from the rights of
Englishmen to the rights of mankind as the object of American
independence.
The “pursuit of happiness” was unique and became the central element
of American freedom.
global events
•
An Asylum for Mankind
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The idea of “American exceptionalism” was prevalent in the Revolution.
This was why Jefferson addressed the Declaration to “the opinions of
mankind.”
The Global Declaration of Independence
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Although for most Americans, winning international recognition for their
independence trumped concern for global human rights, Thomas Jefferson
hoped the Declaration would inspire others to claim liberty and selfgovernment (irony for the up coming chapter).
Numerous anticolonial movements have modeled their own declarations of
independence on America’s.
The Declaration’s principle that political authority rests on the will of “the
people” has been influential around the world.
America as a symbol of liberty
America as a Symbol of Liberty, 1775
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 5th Brief Edition
Copyright © 2017 W.W. Norton & Company
“Take your choice”
An engraving by John Cartwright, inspired by the
American Revolution, contrasting reform principles
with despotism.
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 5th Brief Edition
Copyright © 2017 W.W. Norton & Company
Focus question: Securing
Independence
 Focus Question:
How were American forces able to
prevail in the Revolutionary War?
Securing Independence
•
The Balance of Power
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Britain had the advantage of a large, professional army and navy.
•
Hessians: German soldiers, most from Hesse-Cassel principality (hence,
the name), paid to fight for the British in the Revolutionary War.
–
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MPLvYXBDLBQ
Patriots had the advantages of fighting on their own soil and a
passionate desire for freedom.
Of the colonies’ free white male population aged 16-45, one in twenty
died in the war
The yankee doodle intrenchments near
boston
The Yankee Doodle
Intrenchments near Boston, 1776.
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 5th Brief Edition
Copyright © 2017 W.W. Norton & Company
Black soldiers at war
•
Blacks in the Revolution
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George Washington accepted Black recruits after Lord Dunmore’s
proclamation offered freedom to slaves who fought for the British.
•
•
•
5000 African enlisted in state militias and the Continental army and navy.
Some slaves gained freedom by serving in place of an owner.
Siding with the British offered slaves far more
opportunities for liberty than siding with the Patriots
American foot soldiers, Yorktown
campaign
American Foot Soldiers, Yorktown Campaign,
by a French officer, 1781.
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 5th Brief Edition
Copyright © 2017 W.W. Norton & Company
The early war
•
The First Years of the War
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The war initially went badly for Washington; many of his troops went
home.
He managed a successful surprise attack on Trenton and Princeton.
The Battle of Saratoga
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Major defeat of British general John Burgoyne and more than 5,000
British troops at Saratoga, New York, on October 17, 1777
The victory convinced the French to aid the Americans in 1778.
Winter of 1777–1778, the British were quartered in Philadelphia with
plenty of supplies.
American troops, half of whom were immigrants or African, suffered
at Valley Forge.
The revolutionary war in the north, 1775-1781
Map 5.1 The Revolutionary War in the North 1775–1781 Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 5th Brief Edition
Copyright © 2017 W.W. Norton & Company
The late war
•
The War in the South
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The focus of the war shifted to the South in 1778.
The Continental Congress was essentially bankrupt.
The British achieved some victories, but commanders were unable to
consolidate their hold on the South.
Victory at Last
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American and French troops and the French navy surrounded General
Cornwallis at Yorktown, where he surrendered in October 1781.
The Treaty of Paris was signed in September 1783:
•
•
The American delegation was made up of John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and
John Jay.
In addition to independence, America was granted land in the frontier to the
Mississippi River.
Victory at last
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American and French troops and the French navy surrounded General
Cornwallis at Yorktown:
Last battle of the Revolutionary War; General Lord Charles Cornwallis
along with over 7,000 British troops surrendered at Yorktown,
Virginia, on October 17, 1781
The Treaty of Paris was signed in September 1783: Signed on
September 3, 1783, the treaty that ended the Revolutionary War,
recognized American independence from Britain, established the
border between Canada and the United States, fixed the western border
at the Mississippi River, and ceded Florida to Spain
•
The American delegation was made up of John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and
John Jay.
The revolutionary war in the south, 1775-1781
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 5th Brief Edition
Map 5.2 The Revolutionary War in the South 1775–1781
Copyright © 2017 W.W. Norton & Company
North America, 1783
Map 5.3 The North America, 1783
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 5th Brief Edition
Copyright © 2017 W.W. Norton & Company
The horse America throwing his master
The Horse America Throwing
His Master.
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 5th Brief Edition
Copyright © 2017 W.W. Norton & Company
Review
•
The Crisis Begins
Focus Question: What were the roots and significance of the Stamp Act
controversy?
•
The Road to Revolution
Focus Question: What key events sharpened the divisions between Britain
and the colonists in the late 1760s and early 1770s?
•
The Coming of Independence
Focus Question: What key events marked the move toward American
independence?
•
Securing Independence
Focus Question: How were American forces able to prevail in the
Revolutionary War?
MEDIA LINKS
—— Chapter 5 ——
Title
Media link
Eric Foner on British liberty
British Liberty
Eric Foner on Christian republicanism
Christian Republicanism
Eric Foner on the independence movement
in Massachusetts and Virginia
The Independence Movement in Massachusetts and Virginia
Eric Foner on the Declaration of
Independence
The Declaration of Independence
Eric Foner on the Declaration of
Independence, pt 2
The Declaration of Independence, pt 2
Eric Foner on Thomas Paine
Thomas Paine
Next Lecture PREVIEW:
—— Chapter 6 ——
The Revolution Within
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Democratizing Freedom
Toward Religious Toleration
Defining Economic Freedom
The Limits of Liberty
Slavery and the Revolution
Daughters of Liberty
Norton Lecture Slides
Independent and Employee-Owned
This concludes the Norton Lecture Slide Set for
Chapter 5
Give Me Liberty!
AN AMERICAN HISTORY
FIFTH BRIEF EDITION
by
Eric Foner

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declaration of independence

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Revenue Act of 1764

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