CSULB Hygiene and Consumerism Discussion

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Historical Thinking 3 – Hygiene & Consumerism
General Format: Answer each question. Each answer should be clear, provide explanation, analysis,
and direct reference to specifics within the document(s), lecture, or textbook. Please cite when you
are using ideas or quoting from the documents. You can do this parenthetically by simply stating the
document used. For example, if you say “blah, blah, blay (doc 1);” or you quote something: Custer
stated “ ‘blady, blah, blah, bleh’ ” (AY section 6). Notice that you cite the information whether it is in
your own words or you are quoting directly.
Answer Length: Each answer should be approximately 250 – 500 words long.
Questions:
1.
In what ways did the germ theory alter Americans daily routines and hygiene? How did a new
consumerism along with governmental action support a new era of cleanliness and
individuality?
2. When looking at the advertisement, detail what you notice about how women, men, and
children are portrayed? What stands out in the descriptive parts of the advertisements and
how do those descriptions relate to concern over personal hygiene?
6:30
SECONDARY SOURCES
Source 1: Bathing (Body Soaps and Cleansers) from The Smithsonian
A variety of intertwined factors have shaped the history of bathing in America: the emergence of
germ-theory, cultural notions connecting cleanliness with moral, upright living; concerns about
personal attractiveness, and technological progress in plumbing and water supply.
Before mid-nineteenth century, Americans seldom bathed for personal cleanliness. Many
considered bathing to be unhealthy, believing it removed a “protective” layer of oil and dirt and
exposed the body to unclean water and dangerous “miasmas,” or diseased air. Although great
effort went into washing clothes, Americans associated the bathing of the body with negative
stereotypes of European excess, luxury, and moral and physical softness….
Good personal hygiene now became synonymous with being a good American. By 1890, soap
manufacturers, such as
Colgate, Proctor and Gamble, Palmolive, Mennen Company, Bristol-Meyers, and Johnson &
Johnson, had proliferated. Soap companies used the perceived connection between
Americanness and cleanliness to their advantage. Advertisements showed soaps as products of
progress, able to wash away foreignness, ignorance, poverty, lawlessness, and general
immorality.
By the 1920s, bathing had become an essential part of a healthy hygiene ritual. Yet, American
soap manufacturers faced stiff competition. Not only were soap brands competing against each
other, they were also competing against a flood of cosmetics and cosmetic cleansers vying for
consumer dollars. In 1927, a trade association of American soap manufacturers established the
Cleanliness Institute to help boost sales. The Institute created promotional materials stressing
the connection between bathing with soap and American health. These materials were
distributed via radio and magazine advertisements, as “press releases,” and within school
curriculums.
Source 2: The Gospel of Germs: Men, Women, and the Microbe in American Life by Nancy
Tomes. Harvard Univ. Press, 1999.
Gradually, older theories of atmospheric infection gave way to a more modern
understanding of how diseases are transmitted by casual contact, food and water
contamination, insect vectors, and healthy carriers.
These revelations prompted a radical expansion of collective public health practices,
including municipal sewerage systems, water purification, garbage collection, and food
inspection. Our modern conceptions of governmental responsibility for public health date
from this period, 1890 to 1930, which is often referred to as the “golden era” of the American
public health movement. These same years also represented a period of intense interest in
what I think iof the private side of public health,” that is, the reformation of individual and
bbcsulb.desire2learn.com
< M o 6:30 SECONDARY SOURCES Source 1: Bathing (Body Soaps and Cleansers) from The Smithsonian A variety of intertwined factors have shaped the history of bathing in America: the emergence of germ-theory, cultural notions connecting cleanliness with moral, upright living; concerns about personal attractiveness, and technological progress in plumbing and water supply. Before mid-nineteenth century, Americans seldom bathed for personal cleanliness. Many considered bathing to be unhealthy, believing it removed a "protective" layer of oil and dirt and exposed the body to unclean water and dangerous "miasmas," or diseased air. Although great effort went into washing clothes, Americans associated the bathing of the body with negative stereotypes of European excess, luxury, and moral and physical softness.... Good personal hygiene now became synonymous with being a good American. By 1890, soap manufacturers, such as Colgate, Proctor and Gamble, Palmolive, Mennen Company, Bristol-Meyers, and Johnson & Johnson, had proliferated. Soap companies used the perceived connection between Americanness and cleanliness to their advantage. Advertisements showed soaps as products of progress, able to wash away foreignness, ignorance, poverty, lawlessness, and general immorality. By the 1920s, bathing had become an essential part of a healthy hygiene ritual. Yet, American soap manufacturers faced stiff competition. Not only were soap brands competing against each other, they were also competing against a flood of cosmetics and cosmetic cleansers vying for consumer dollars. In 1927, a trade association of American soap manufacturers established the Cleanliness Institute to help boost sales. The Institute created promotional materials stressing the connection between bathing with soap and American health. These materials were distributed via radio and magazine advertisements, as "press releases," and within school curriculums. Source 2: The Gospel of Germs: Men, Women, and the Microbe in American Life by Nancy Tomes. Harvard Univ. Press, 1999. Gradually, older theories of atmospheric infection gave way to a more modern understanding of how diseases are transmitted by casual contact, food and water contamination, insect vectors, and healthy carriers. These revelations prompted a radical expansion of collective public health practices, including municipal sewerage systems, water purification, garbage collection, and food inspection. Our modern conceptions of governmental responsibility for public health date from this period, 1890 to 1930, which is often referred to as the "golden era" of the American public health movement. These same years also represented a period of intense interest in what I think iof the private side of public health," that is, the reformation of individual and bbcsulb.desire2learn.com < M o 6:30 from this period, 1890 to 1930, which is often referred to as the "golden era" of the American public health movement. These same years also represented a period of intense interest in wt ivate side of public health," that is, the reformation of individual and 2 of 6 household hygiene. Between the 1880s and the 1920s, Americans of all ages were subjected to aggressive public health campaigns that taught them the new lessons of the laboratory: that microscopic living particles were the agents of contagion, that sick bodies shed germs into the environment, and that disease spread by seemingly innocuous behaviors such as coughing, sneezing and spitting, sharing common drinking cups, or failing to wash hands before eating. Source 3: Germs also changed the way people lived. Wicker — which was thought to be germ-resistant - became the seating of choice. Refrigerators and vacuum cleaners were marketed not only as labor savers but as necessities for good hygiene. When the DuPont Cellophane Co. brought out plastic wrap in the 1920s, the product was hailed as a sanitary innovation for keeping food and other personal items. ("No admittance to germs," an ad says.) By the end of World War I, toilet paper appeared. Even bedding changed: Sheets lengthened in size so that the exposed end of a clean one could be folded down over the blanket, which was apt to be reused. Germs changed more than household products and furnishings, too. In 1888, the "Wife's Handbook” warned mothers that a single touch was teeming with deadly germs that might harm her infant, and public campaigns urged caution when preparing family meals. bbcsulb.desire2learn.com 6:31 4 of 6 How can you the mother--the "Health Lifebuoy is wonderful to use during house Doctor"-guard these precious lives? work when you wash your hands so constantly In just one way-by keeping them clean- to avoid getting germs on food or dishes. It scientifically clean not only purifies the hands but keeps them delightfully soft and smooth. Lifebuoy Purifies Palm fruit oil is red, so Lifebuoy is red. And please don't mistake mere perfumed daintiness for the honest, wholesome, pore cleans husband, place a cake of Lifebuoy wherever For the protection of your children and ing purity that results from vigorous use of there is running water -- and see that it is used Lifebuoy Health Soap. Lifebuoy does more than frequently. Lever Bros. Co, Cambridge, Mass/ remove surface grime. Its rich, creamy lather releases a wonderful antiseptic ingredient which is carried down deep into every pore, combating the health foes ever present in dirt. THE DELINEATOR, Law, 1993 Page 2 Shall They Suffer As you did from film on teeth? DEPSODENT is largely for the coming and many other serious troubles, are chiefly caused by those germs and by tartar. teeth, new protection. But to children it Dental science has for years been seeking means a new dental era. a way to daily combat that film. It is the Your teeth, perhaps, have always been teeth's great enemy. film-coated, save right after dental cleaning. The luster has been dimmed by film. Film Two ways now found has caused decay, no doubt, despite your Two effective film combatants have been daily brushing found. Able authorities have subjected them Now dental authorities urge you to fight to many careful tests. Dental science now film. Above all, have your children fight it approves them, and leading dentists, here daily in this scientific way. and abroad, urge their daily use. A new-day tooth paste has been perfected, How troubles come complying with modern requirements. It is Modern science traces most tooth troubles called Pepsodent. And these two film- to a film--to that viscous film you feel. It combating methods are embodied in it. clings to teeth, enters crevices and stays. Also starch deposits The ordinary tooth paste does not end it. Starch deposits also attack teeth. In fer- Much is left intact. Night and day that menting they form acids. clinging film threatens damage to the teeth. Nature puts a starch digestant in the That is why well-brushed teeth discolor saliva. It puts alkalis there to neutralize and decay. That is why tooth troubles the acids. have been constantly increasing. Pepsodent multiplies that starch diges- Makes teeth dingy tant, also the alkalinity. Thus Nature's teeth-protecting forces are multiplied. Film absorbs stains, making the teeth look dingy. Film is the basis of tartar. It holds sodent combats the enemies of teeth. Thus twice a day, in all these ways, Pep- food substance which ferments and forms acid. It holds the acid in contact with the Millions of people now use Pepsodent, teeth to cause decay. largely by dental advice. Anyone who once Germs breed by millions in it. Pyorrhea, employs it can see and feel its need. Watch the added beauty Send the coupon for a ten-day test. Note how clean the teeth feel after using Mark the shence of the viscous film See how teeth white as the cost disappear The lasting benefits appear more slowly. But all who love clean, glistening teeth will se effects at once. And the book we send explains the reasons for them. The glistening teeth you everywhere now are largely due to Pepsodent. Learn how you can attain them. Cur out the coupon now. TEN-DAY TUBE FREE ** THE PEPSODENT COMPANY Dept. 146, 1104 S. Wabah Ave., Chicago, III. Mail Ten-Day Tube of Pepsodent to Pepsodent The scientific filme combatest, proved by modern authorities and How dised by Inading dewiss cverywhere. Each we brings to desure effects. All drugs ply the large The New Day Dentifrice ONLY ONE TUBE TO A PASILY bbcsulb.desire2learn.com M o 6:31 D The Health Doctor says Anything soiled by contact with many hands is a menace to health. There is protection- constant use of a Health Soup which really purifies the skin. LIFEBUOY HEALTH SOAP PABOUT "If they could always be safe from dirt" 99 freshly tubbed, the soft flush of slumber The pungent odor of Lifebuoy tells you that glowing against snowy linen--wouldn't it is more than soap-that it is a genuine health it be wonderful if your babies were always protector-a skin purifier. The odor vanishes but as safe-never exposed to the menace of dirt? the protection remains. Yet tomorrow they will touch and tousle a hundred dangerously dirty things-stray animals, Soothing to Tender Skin unclean playmates, the fruit of peddlers. Dirty hands carry these dangers to nose, mouth and beautifying as any soap ever made. Its pure oil Yet Lifebuoy is as pure and bland and skin food. Germ laden street dust will grind into of palm fruit and coconut oil are soothing and chubby knees and palms. healing, especially to a baby's petal skin. How can you the mother--the "Health Lifebuoy is wonderful to use during house- Doctor"-guard these precious lives? work when you wash your hands so constantly In just one way-by keeping them clean- to avoid getting germs on food or dishes. It scientifically clean not only purifies the hands but keeps them delightfully soft and smooth. Lifebuoy Purifies Palm fruit oil is red, so Lifebuoy is red. And please don't mistake mere perfumed For the protection of your children and daintiness for the honest, wholesome, pore cleans husband, place a cake of Lifebuoy wherever ing purity that results from vigorous use of there is running water -- and see that it is used Lifebuoy Health Soap. Lifebuoy does more than frequently. Lever Bros. Co., Cambridge, Mass. remove . , , releases a wonderful antiseptic ingredient which is carried down deep into every pore, combating the health foes ever present in dirt. EATOR, Landry, 1932 Page 78 bbcsulb.desire2learn.com 6:31 1 6 of 6 " PLUMBING FIXTURES A Wealth of Health to the Home. Standard Santa Ca. Pittsburgh Starch 16 G Why America wins Olympics a are cleaner. Your skin afterwards is so soft, smooth ing-every school yard a training ground for and rosy. You'll love it for shampooing, especially future champions-thousands of summer camps for "bobs." After a Lifebuoy bath your whole and beaches pouring vitality into splendid little body is deodorised, toned up and vigorously alive. bodies. But Lifebuoy's greatest health value is that it And what is still greater-in millions of Amer- gently removes germs from hands and face-the ican homes, intelligent mothers are enforcing the dangerous germs you pick up from almost every first law of health-cleanliness. thing you touch-the germs of street dust, stuffy Because mothers know that Lifebuoy offers a cars, theatres and schools. definite protection to child health, it has become Lifebuoy purifies the skin--and only healthy the most widely used toilet soap in the world. skin is beautiful. My illustrated book, "Health It's a treat to try Lifebuoy for the first time- Beauty," will be sent for 10 cents. Lever Bros. Co., the lather is so creamy-so pure-so invigorating. 49 Burleigh Street, Cambridge, Mass. You feel cleaner than ever before--because you The Health Doctor ORANGE-RED Lifebuoy is the color of pure palm fruit oil. You will like the clean, quickly vanishing odor because you like cleanness. LIFEBUOY А LIFEBUOY FAMILY GHIBLOD MRS. HARRY R. SPARLING St. Louis, Ma, w After seeing the wonderful effect Life- buoy had on my skin. I began using it for the baby's bethal Weals shampoo e besues the hair leaving soft, abundant and wavy." bbcsulb.desire2learn.com 6:31 Targery wyucu ELVICC. anyone who once zed by millions in it. Pyorrhea, employs it can see and feel its need. TEN-DAY TUBE FRE THE PEPSODENT COMPANY Dept. 346, 1104 S. Wabash Ave., Chicago, I Mail Ten-Day Tube of Pepsodent to Pepsodent The scientific film combatant, as proved by modern authorities and now advised by leading dentists everywhere. Each ase brings five desired effects. All druggists sup- ply the large tubes. The New-Day Dentifrice ONLY ONE TUBE TO A FAMILY Asser "" PLUMBING FIXTURES Add Wealth of Health to the Home Standard Santos Co. Pittsburgh Starch 1996 God Hels bbcsulb.desire2learn.com 6:31 4 of 6 How can you the mother--the "Health Lifebuoy is wonderful to use during house Doctor"-guard these precious lives? work when you wash your hands so constantly In just one way-by keeping them clean- to avoid getting germs on food or dishes. It scientifically clean not only purifies the hands but keeps them delightfully soft and smooth. Lifebuoy Purifies Palm fruit oil is red, so Lifebuoy is red. And please don't mistake mere perfumed daintiness for the honest, wholesome, pore cleans husband, place a cake of Lifebuoy wherever For the protection of your children and ing purity that results from vigorous use of there is running water -- and see that it is used Lifebuoy Health Soap. Lifebuoy does more than frequently. Lever Bros. Co, Cambridge, Mass/ remove surface grime. Its rich, creamy lather releases a wonderful antiseptic ingredient which is carried down deep into every pore, combating the health foes ever present in dirt. THE DELINEATOR, Law, 1993 Page 2 Shall They Suffer As you did from film on teeth? DEPSODENT is largely for the coming and many other serious troubles, are chiefly caused by those germs and by tartar. teeth, new protection. But to children it Dental science has for years been seeking means a new dental era. a way to daily combat that film. It is the Your teeth, perhaps, have always been teeth's great enemy. film-coated, save right after dental cleaning. The luster has been dimmed by film. Film Two ways now found has caused decay, no doubt, despite your Two effective film combatants have been daily brushing found. Able authorities have subjected them Now dental authorities urge you to fight to many careful tests. Dental science now film. Above all, have your children fight it approves them, and leading dentists, here daily in this scientific way. and abroad, urge their daily use. A new-day tooth paste has been perfected, How troubles come complying with modern requirements. It is Modern science traces most tooth troubles called Pepsodent. And these two film- to a film--to that viscous film you feel. It combating methods are embodied in it. clings to teeth, enters crevices and stays. Also starch deposits The ordinary tooth paste does not end it. Starch deposits also attack teeth. In fer- Much is left intact. Night and day that menting they form acids. clinging film threatens damage to the teeth. Nature puts a starch digestant in the That is why well-brushed teeth discolor saliva. It puts alkalis there to neutralize and decay. That is why tooth troubles the acids. have been constantly increasing. Pepsodent multiplies that starch diges- Makes teeth dingy tant, also the alkalinity. Thus Nature's teeth-protecting forces are multiplied. Film absorbs stains, making the teeth look dingy. Film is the basis of tartar. It holds sodent combats the enemies of teeth. Thus twice a day, in all these ways, Pep- food substance which ferments and forms acid. It holds the acid in contact with the Millions of people now use Pepsodent, teeth to cause decay. largely by dental advice. Anyone who once Germs breed by millions in it. Pyorrhea, employs it can see and feel its need. Watch the added beauty Send the coupon for a ten-day test. Note how clean the teeth feel after using Mark the shence of the viscous film See how teeth white as the cost disappear The lasting benefits appear more slowly. But all who love clean, glistening teeth will se effects at once. And the book we send explains the reasons for them. The glistening teeth you everywhere now are largely due to Pepsodent. Learn how you can attain them. Cur out the coupon now. TEN-DAY TUBE FREE ** THE PEPSODENT COMPANY Dept. 146, 1104 S. Wabah Ave., Chicago, III. Mail Ten-Day Tube of Pepsodent to Pepsodent The scientific filme combatest, proved by modern authorities and How dised by Inading dewiss cverywhere. Each we brings to desure effects. All drugs ply the large The New Day Dentifrice ONLY ONE TUBE TO A PASILY bbcsulb.desire2learn.com M o Purchase answer to see full attachment Tags: microorganisms Hygiene amp Consumerism diseases User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following Studypool's honor code & terms of service.