Learning journal

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•Think about what you have learned. What does it mean to you? Do not write a chronology of the class.•As you reflect you will begin to see how you are learning and how you connect your learnings to your life to make sense to you.•Have enough entries.2 to 5 are too few.Have more than 6. •Length: 100 words to 1000. Your choice, depending on your interest. •Use the pronoun “I” so I know you are ‘speaking.’ •Think about what you are learning and what it means to you.•You may begin with what happened in class.Move onward in your writing to reflect on what this meant for you. •One entry per class. Date each entry. •Low marks (<12/20) for simply listing what happened in class.•Date each entry. 9 attachmentsSlide 1 of 9attachment_1attachment_1attachment_2attachment_2attachment_3attachment_3attachment_4attachment_4attachment_5attachment_5attachment_6attachment_6attachment_7attachment_7attachment_8attachment_8attachment_9attachment_9 Unformatted Attachment Preview CREATING GOOD LEARNING JOURNALS A HELPFUL GUIDE Matter, Minerals & Rocks 2 THOUGHTS ON THE COURSE  This course is more than remembering and understanding. Quizzes are here.  A lot has to do with applying, analyzing, evaluating and even creating. Journals and tests are here.  This is Bloom’s [revised] Taxonomy. Matter, Minerals & Rocks 3 LEARNING JOURNAL • Make an entry after each class. Notebook or computer. • Think about what you have learned. What does it mean to you? Do not write a chronology of the class. • As you reflect you will begin to see how you are learning and how you connect your learnings to your life to make sense to you. Matter, Minerals & Rocks 4 WRITING LEARNING JOURNAL ENTRIES 1. Purpose (#1): help you think more deeply about – ❑ What you are learning, ❑ What it means to you, and ❑ How it connects with your thoughts, life experiences, and/or the media. 2. Purpose (#2): reflect and connect. 3. Purpose (#3): practice an ‘art-form’ that will add greater depth and enjoyment to your learning. 4. Purpose (#4): give powerful intellectual tools with critical thinking for success. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR A GOOD MARK • Have enough entries. 2 to 5 are too few. Have more than 6. • Length: 100 words to 1000. Your choice, depending on your interest. • Use the pronoun “I” so I know you are ‘speaking.’ • Think about what you are learning and what it means to you. • You may begin with what happened in class. Move onward in your writing to reflect on what this meant for you. • One entry per class. Date each entry. • Low marks ( 6 entries. • Talk about how you connect your learnings to your life! • Date each entry. • They help you learn. • Suggest ways you might apply your knowledge. Risk Assessment and Management GEOL 1208.1 Environmental Geology Class 05-2, 12 Feb 2019 Dr. Howard Donohoe Hoodoo Mountain, BC. Extinct (??) volcano. Will it erupt again? What is the risk? Purpose of Discussing Risk ◼ ◼ To define risk assessment as part of a geological investigation and risk management as part of a political process. To discuss the procedures used in risk assessment. Learning Outcomes By the end of the class or before Midterm Test #2, students should be able to… 1. Define risk assessment, risk management, likelihood, and consequences. 2. Apply the “risk reporting matrix” to a situation and determine the potential risk. 3. Interpret ‘scale’ as a factor in risk assessment. Recall Keller’s Fundamental Concepts All of these concepts impact and are impacted by risk Assessment. 1. Human population. 2. Sustainability. 3. Earth as a system. 4. Hazardous earth processes. 5. Scientific values and work. Risk – The Scale of Risk ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ What is risk? Why is it important in environmental geology? Are all risks the same? Which ones need more careful assessment? Is this a risk? The scale plays a significant role in risk assessment. Is the gravel flow a risk? Evaluating Risk Risk Assessment 1. Understanding scale (frequency, time, space, rate). 2. Possible consequences. 3. Likelihood of happening. Evaluating Risk Risk ◼ Risk Assessment ◼ ◼ ◼ Likelihood. Consequences. Risk Management ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Risk assessment. Communicating. Mitigating. Reducing. Risk Assessment Process 1. 2. History of past events: ◼ Historical research with records. ◼ Field research mapping rocks. Understand scale (frequency, time, space, and rate). 3. 4. Create a ‘geological story.’ ◼ Relative and absolute time. ◼ Laws of geology. ◼ Scientific method. ◼ Good observations. Involve Keller’s concepts in assessment. Larger Picture – Risk Management Risk Management ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Hazardous earth processes – belief that science can assist in evaluating. Past events must be assessed and frequency established. Keller’s fundamental concepts. Thoughtful evaluation based on likelihood and consequences. Communication and Education. Mitigation. Difference between Risk Assessment and Risk Management ◼ Risk Assessment: ◼ Scientific evaluation. Follows the procedures shown in a previous slide: “Doing Risk Assessment.” ◼ ◼ Scientific endeavour to determine likelihood and consequences. Risk Management: ◼ Involves the political and scientific realms. Slope Processes and Subsidence Unsung Hazards Dr. Howard Donohoe GEOL 1208.1, Environmental Geology Class 006-2, Wednesday, 9 October 2019 Turtle Mountain, Frank, AB. Location of largest rock slide in Canadian history, 29 April 1903. Today 1. 2. 3. Reflection. Preview of river and coastal processes. Slope processes. Earthquake induced landslide in El Salvador. Relatively unconsolidated volcanic rocks ruptures and flowed down slope during a Richter 7.6 earthquake. Slope Processes & Subsidence 2 Reflection We often don’t think of the hazards associated with slope processes. Single boulders or large masses are very real hazards! Slope Processes & Subsidence 3 Preview of Topics to Come What are the two stream processes? What are the two coastal processes? What are two tsunami processes? Erosion. ◼ Deposition. ◼ Slope Processes & Subsidence 4 Slope Failure: Turtle Mountain – Frank slide Slope Processes & Subsidence 5 Turtle Mountain – Frank slide Slope Processes & Subsidence 6 Today 1. 2. 3. Reflection. Preview of river and coastal processes. Slope processes. Earthquake induced landslide in El Salvador. Relatively unconsolidated volcanic rocks ruptures and flowed down slope during a Richter 7.6 earthquake. Slope Processes & Subsidence 7 Topics ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Objectives and Learning Outcomes. Types of mass movements and causes. Environmental geology. Interventions and hazard mitigation. Subsidence. Slope Processes & Subsidence 8 Objectives – Slope Processes & Subsidence ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ To understand relentless importance of mass movements on slopes. To develop an insight into the geological circumstances for mass movements to happen. To learn the mitigation actions that minimize affects on humans. To understand why subsidence happens. Slope Processes & Subsidence 9 Learning Outcomes – Slope Processes and Subsidence 1. 2. Name and describe the types of slope processes based on time and space. Explain the environmental geological circumstances for initiation of these slope movements—both primary and secondary. 3. Apply your knowledge of cause and affect for slope failures and subsidence to suggest mitigation. Slope Processes & Subsidence 10 Types of Slope Processes ◼ ◼ ◼ Falls. Slumps and slides. Flows and avalanches. Slope Processes & Subsidence 11 All of these are termed Slope Failure. Slope Processes & Subsidence 12 Factors Influencing Slope Stability ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ The force of gravity acts to tear the mountains down. Gravity is the great leveler. Isostasy moves mountains up. Mass movement on slopes occurs anytime downward pull of gravity overcomes frictional forces resisting it. Shearing stress is the down slope pull on the rock or debris. Shear strength is the resistance to the shear stress; once overcome, movement will occur. Factors that overcome shear strength: lack of cohesion and fluids such as water. Slope Processes & Subsidence 13 Angle of Repose ◼ ◼ ◼ Maximum angle at which material is stable. Angle varies with material, shape, and other irregularities. Weathering changes stability. Slope Processes & Subsidence 14 Affects of Fluids Slope failure from possible septic system water seepage. Septic tank seepage produced loss of cohesion and slope failure. Slope Processes & Subsidence 15 Effects of Vegetation Intense logging may create slope instability. Slope Processes & Subsidence Alaskan road cut. 16 Landslide – Debris Flow in Tibet From NASA Slope Processes & Subsidence 17 Landslide After a Few Months Slope Processes & Subsidence 18 Interventions and Mitigations Water pressure behind a wall will exert a huge pressure, even small walls such as driveway walls, are susceptible. A simple solution is to bleed the water from behind the wall. Slope Processes & Subsidence 19 Interventions and Mitigations Stone wall, east side Citadel Hill. Water drainage to decrease pressure on wall and prevent collapse. Slope Processes & Subsidence 20 Interventions and Mitigations No drainage from behind wall; pressure pushing wall into collapse. Slope Processes & Subsidence 21 Interventions and Mitigations Slope Processes & Subsidence 22 Interventions and Mitigations Rock bolting is very effective. Slope Processes & Subsidence 23 Interventions –Nova Centre in Halifax Rock bolts needed on ~2 metre centres. Orientation of layering Very few rock bolts needed because face is at right angle to layering. Slope Processes & Subsidence 24 Interventions – Halifax convention centre Layering surface dipping steeply towards viewer. Real hazard of slope failure without rock bolts. Bolts are set at ~2 m centres. Orientation of layering Slope Processes & Subsidence 25 Interventions and Mitigations Slope Processes & Subsidence 26 Topics ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Objectives and Learning Outcomes. Types of mass movements and causes. Environmental geology. Interventions and hazard mitigation. Subsidence. Slope Processes & Subsidence 27 Subsidence ◼ ◼ ◼ Man-made – withdraw of ground water. Man-made – collapse of former underground mine workings. Natural – sink holes in limestone and gypsum. Slope Processes & Subsidence 28 Subsidence Slope Processes & Subsidence 29 Subsidence ◼ ◼ ◼ Sink holes form primarily naturally in limestone areas. Roof collapse makes the sink hole. Draught or too much groundwater withdrawal leaves the roof unsupported. The ‘classic’ sink hole in Winter Park, FL. Slope Processes & Subsidence 30 Subsidence in Oxford, NS Early stages of subsidence of sink hole. Sink holes has filled with mud and sand and enlarged. Several weeks after first appearance. Slope Processes & Subsidence 31 Review 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Slope failures and subsidence are major geohazards that are not fully recognized. Water is a major problem with both. Both processes may happen quickly or slowly. Simple solutions, such as relieving water pressure and rock bolting, work. Be aware of water infiltrating slopes. Slope Processes & Subsidence 32 Slope Processes and Subsidence – ‘Unsung Hazards’ Dr. Howard Donohoe GEOL 1208.1, Environmental Geology Turtle Mountain, Frank, AB. Location of largest rock slide in Canadian history, 29 April 1903. Mudflows Near Santa Barbara, CA ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Began with severe fires in summer and fall. Denuded hillsides. County and state conducted risk assessment. Intense rainstorm unleashed water, weathered rock and soil in a slurry – dreaded mudflows. Mudflows are secondary after non geohazards of fire and rain. Slope Processes & Subsidence 34 Fire Slope Processes & Subsidence 35 Aftermath Slope Processes & Subsidence 36 Risk Assessment Slope Processes & Subsidence 37 Mudflows Slope Processes & Subsidence 38 Slope Processes & Subsidence 39 Rock and Mud flows Slope Processes & Subsidence 40 Mudflows Slope Processes & Subsidence 41 1 Mineral Resources GEOL 1208.1 ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY 4 NOV 2019, CLASS 10-1 Objectives 1. To describe what a mineral resource is. 2. To show the difference between ‘regular’ minerals and economic minerals. 3. To describe the categories of a resource for extraction. 2 Learning Outcomes By the end of Part 3, students will be able to… 1. Define and describe mineral, mineral resource, categories of resource, ore and economic minerals. 2. Explain why mineral deposits are often associated with volcanoes. 3. Discuss the positive and negative aspects of mining mineral resources. 3 Group Work – 10 minutes  Move into your group when I say so.  Think about mineral resources and their products that you use.  List minerals and their products that you use in everyday life. Think broadly!  At close of time, hand in Group Reporting form. 4 The Odd Name of “Minerals” 1. 2. 3. Minerals – inorganic, naturally occurring, definite composition and structure; minerals make rocks. Minerals – anything of economic value. Includes rocks and minerals. Minerals – anything defined by the Mineral Resources Act in Nova Scotia as a substance to be regulated. Includes rocks and minerals. 5 Resource Categories Already Identified Presently Economic Reserves Not Presently Economic Sub-economic or Conditional Resources 6 Undiscovered Economic Minerals 7 Gold from Nova Scotia Gypsum Diamonds Halite – ore of salt. Graphite Economic Minerals – Terms  Economic value. mineral – any mineral or rock of  Mineral deposit – a mass of concentrated minerals.  Ore – an economic mineral concentrated enough to be mined for a profit. 8 Economic Minerals  Non-metallic minerals: also called industrial minerals (diamonds, gypsum, salt), structural materials (aggregate, clay, sand). Chemical feedstock: halite’  Metallic minerals: gold, galena (lead), sphalerite (zinc), tantalite (tantalum).  Energy minerals: coal, peat, oil shale. 9 Formation of Mineral Deposits  Extremely varied processes.  All processes concentrate minerals.  Some of the concentrations can be mined for a profit – thus ore.  Processes involve internal and surface processes of the earth.  All rock types may host a mineral deposit: intrusive, volcanic, sedimentary, and metamorphic. 10 Formation of Mineral Deposits Look at the map. What does the location suggest? Subduction related processes. 11 Gold, copper, molybdenum deposits in the Western Hemisphere. Volcanoes and Mineral Deposits 12 From deep seated porphyries of coppermoly-gold to near surface gold veins. Volcanoes are the surface expression of processes that concentrate elements. Mining sulphur in a dormant volcano. Rio Blanco Copper Mine, Chile. Located in an old volcano Concentration Factors 13 Element Average Crustal Concentration Concentration Factor Aluminum (Al) Iron (Fe) Titanium (Ti) Chromium (Cr) 8% 5.8% 0.86% 0.0096% 3 to 4 6 to 7 25 to 100 4000 to 5000 Zinc (Zn) Copper (Cu) Silver (Ag) 0.0082% 0.0058% 0.000008% 300 100 to 200 ~100 Platinum (Pt) Gold (Au) 0.0000005% 0.0000002% 600 4000 to 5000 Consumption Patterns 14 Consumption Patterns 15 Review 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Minerals and rocks (senso stricto) form mineral resources. Modern society needs mineral resources. Minerals need to be regulated. Plate tectonics, through boundaries and volcanoes, produce mineral deposits. Processes concentrate elements. Over a lifetime individuals consume 7.78 M kg of minerals. 16 Quiz – Record answers on Group Reporting form 1. How many mineral definitions are there?  Three 2. What Act of the NS Legislature that controls mineral exploration and mining?  Mineral 3. The concentration factor for gold is: (A) 10x; (B) 5000x; or (C) 600x.  (B) 4. Resources Act 5000x Volcanoes may create mineral deposits. T or F  True 17 Resources Soil GEOL 1208.1 Environmental Geology Class 12-2 Dr. Howard Donohoe Farming in the Great Valley of SE Pennsylvania Today we will… 1. 2. Talk about resources. Discuss Soil resources. Soil as a Resource 2 Where are we in the Course? 1. 2. 3. 4. Part 1 – Foundations. Part 2 – Processes and Hazards. Part 3 – Resources. Part 4 – Society, Perspective and Management. Soil as a Resource 3 Objectives – Resources ◼ ◼ ◼ To define what is a resource. To talk about the environmental geology of resources. To reflect on management of resources. Learning Outcomes – Resources 1. 2. 3. Explain the reason(s) for describing minerals (metal, non-metal and energy), water, soil, land and waste as resources. Demonstrate how environmental geology is connected to finding, developing, managing and conserving resources. Propose strategies for the management and conservation of resources. Resources ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Minerals. Energy minerals. Water. Soil. Waste. In the broadest sense, land is a resource. Resources and Environmental Geology ◼ Water. ◼ ◼ Minerals. ◼ ◼ Soil. ◼ ◼ Waste. ◼ Understanding aquifers; searching for water sources. How not to pollute water sources. Applying geological principles to find resources. Understanding geological processes affecting formation, erosion, and conservation. Recycling waste; burial without contamination; understanding ground water flow. Resources and Environmental Geology ◼ Land. ◼ ◼ ◼ Assessing land for potential use; understanding the geological processes operating on it; showing how land may be used sequentially. After each sequential use, land is reclaimed and reused. Contamination must be mitigated. Soil as a Resource Soil as a Resource 9 What do you know about soil? Pair-up and answer the questions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What is soil? What are the two ways that it ‘forms’ in Canada? Are all soils the same in their fertility? What is a soil profile? How does a soil profile indicate fertility and nutrients? Soil as a Resource 10 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Answers What is soil? A mixture of minerals, broken rock, gases, microbes, liquid and insects. What are the two ways that it ‘forms’ in Canada? In situ and transported. Are all soils the same in their fertility? No. What is a soil profile? Vertical section showing layers in a sequence. How does a soil profile indicate fertility and nutrients? Balance of sand and mud/clay, good amount of K, P, N, and large amounts of organic material. Soil as a Resource 11 Soil as a Resource – Objectives ◼ ◼ ◼ To describe what is meant by soil. To illustrate its importance as a resource. To discuss the challenges of soil loss and soil conservation. Soil as a Resource 12 Soil as a Resource – Learning Outcomes 1. 2. 3. Describe soil, soil profile, and soil degradation. Explain how soil may be degraded. Propose various strategies to conserve soil. Soil as a Resource 13 Soil Topics 1. 2. 3. 4. Soil. Soil profile. Soil degradation. Soil conservation. Soil as a Resource 14 Soil Profile Soil as a Resource 15 Soil Formation ◼ ◼ Climate and water a major factor Mechanical Weathering: physical breakdown of minerals by mechanical action. No changes chemically. ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Freezing water expansion (Frost wedging) Break up of rocks and minerals without changing the rock’s composition. Salt crystallization can wedge cracks. Chemical Weathering: breakdown of minerals by chemical reaction Soil Formation Break down of particle size is very important. Soil Profile O – mostly organic. A – organic & mineral. E – light coloured from leaching. B – clay-rich; minerals from above. C – partially weathered rock. Soil as a Resource O A B C 18 O Soil Profile A B C Soil as a Resource 19 Soil ◼ Soil is a granular mixture of weathered rock, water, organic material, gases and life forms. Soil as a Resource 20 Soil ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ The weathered rock is sand and clay size fraction. Clays contain important chemical nutrients attached to outside or inside of clay minerals. Sand size adds granularity to mixture and pore space for the storage for water and gases. The organic material is decayed plants. Soil as a Resource 21 Soil Development – In situ Excellent agricultural soils developed in situ over a long time. Glacial actions did not affect the soil development in situ here. Soil as a Resource 22 Soil Development – Transported Thin transported soils, which are NOT formed in place. Northwest Arm Drive, Halifax ◼ ◼ Transported soils brought into an area. Glacial transport and deposition are usual. Soil as a Resource 23 Importance of Water in Soil See Chapter 16 for more details. ◼ Water ‘holds’ soil grains together. Water, gases & soluble compounds are stored between grains. Soil as a Resource 24 Reflection on Soil Formation and Loss ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Is soil formation and loss continuous? Yes. Processes are dependent on rates of rock & mineral weathering and erosion. Is rate of soil formation uniform? No. The abiotic conditions of an ecosystem affect soil formation. Is soil loss is continuous? Yes. The rate varies depending on natural and anthropologic conditions. Soil as a Resource 25 Time & Space Constraints of Geological Processes – Soil Formation & Erosion Soil as a Resource 26 Group Work – How do we degrade soil? ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Move into groups at my request. Talk about how soil degrades. Prepare your results on the Group Reporting Form. Be prepared to describe the group’s conclusions to the class. Soil as a Resource 27 How does soil degrade? Here are some examples. ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Erosion (improper tilling & planting). Compaction (improper use of vehicles). Urbanization (suburban sprawl). Overgrazing and forest cutting. Loss of fertility (too much water; salt, etc.). Chemical change of soil (pH change, chemicals, salinization, etc.). Soil as a Resource 28 Soil Topics 1. 2. 3. 4. Soil. Soil profile. Soil degradation. Soil conservation. Soil as a Resource 29 Conservation Efforts ◼ How should we conserve soil? Soil as a Resource 30 Resources Water GEOL 1208.1 Environmental Geology Class 12-2 – Water as a Resource Dr. Howard Donohoe The Musquodoboit River south of Middle Musquodoboit. Today 1. 2. 3. 4. Reflection. Introduction to resources. Water resources. Water pollution. Water as a Reource 2 Fresh Water in Canada Is there an ethical issue here? Is this a resource that should be shared? Information from Mountain Equipment Coop about Canada. Water as a Reource 3 Today 1. 2. 3. 4. Reflection. Introduction to resources. Water resources. Water pollution. Water as a Reource 4 Water Resources – Objectives ◼ ◼ ◼ To show that naturally occurring fresh water is not always available for human use. To discuss where water resources are found. To describe problems and solutions. Water as a Reource 5 Water Resources – Learning Outcomes 1. 2. 3. Define and describe: porosity and permeability, recharge area, aquifer, water table, bedrock and overburden. List and describe the factors that influence yield in groundwater. Describe the problems associated with potable water from surface or groundwater sources and their potential solutions. Water as a Reource 6 Topics for Today 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Some facts about water. How it gets into rock. Stories from rock. Diversity in yield. Finding water. Water as a Reource 7 The Hydrosphere “…Water,water everywhere nor any drop to drink…” — Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Rhyme of the Ancient Mariner 70% water on surface Water mass – 1.4 x 109 t Water as a Reource 8 Amounts of Water Guysborough – salt water Great Lakes – fresh water Not much fresh water! Less than 1% of total water is accessible fresh water! Water as a Reource 9 Topics for Today 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Some facts about water. How it gets into rock. Stories from rock. Diversity in yield. Finding water. Water as a Reource 10 Defining Terms Water as a Reource 11 Water into the Rock – Types of Materials ◼ Rocks (bedrock) Consolidated material – hard rock. ◼ Sand and gravel Unconsolidated material (sand and gravel). Water as a Reource 12 Water into the Rock ◼ ◼ Permeable material – allows water to move through the material (rock, sand, etc.); cracks, fractures, pores. Porous material – large amount of voids (holes) in rock; connected voids means fluids move through easily. Water as a Reource 13 Groundwater and Catchment Areas Water saturated Water as a Reource 14 Flowing Well Water as a Reource 15 Water as a Reource 16 Topics for Today 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Some facts about water. How it gets into rock. Stories from rocks. Diversity in yield. Finding water. Water as a Reource 17 Fluid Storage and Mobility Two terms you must know! ◼ ◼ Permeability the ability of rocks/sediments/soils to contain fluid and to allow fluids to flow. Porosity – the amount of void space (holes and/or cracks) in material (soil or rock) where fluid can be stored. Water as a Reource 18 Rocks Three types of rocks: 1. Igneous – usually hard. Mostly not permeable. 2. Sedimentary – can be hard and soft. Usually porous and permeable. 3. Metamorphic – usually hard but can be soft. Mostly not permeable. Water as a Reource 19 Water into the Rock Type of rock. Type of fractures. Internal features. Pore space. Cement. Water as a Reource 20 Porosity & Permeability in Rocks Igneous Sedimentary – sandstone Which diagram of rock would be porous? Permeable? Sedimentary – sandstone Shale or Metamorphic Water as a Reource 21 Topics for Today 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Some facts about water. How it gets into rock. Stories from rock. Diversity in yield. Finding water. Water as a Reource 22 Location Water as a Reource 23 Faults ◼ ◼ FAULT – a break in the earth’s crust where movement has taken place. A zone of crushing and permeability with surprising porosity. Water as a Reource 24 Diversity in Yield Many things govern yield. ◼ Well location (hill or valley). ◼ Type of material (bedrock or overburden). ◼ Type of rock (sandstone vs. granite). ◼ Faults. ◼ Closeness to other wells. ◼ Amount of recharge and size of catchment area. Water as a Reource 25 Topics for Today 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Some facts about water. How it gets into rock. Stories from rock chips. Diversity in yield. Finding water. Water as a Reource 26 Finding Water (both drilled and dug) ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Reasonable location (slope, amount of vegetation, etc.) Evidence of water table at surface – springs. Type of rock – permeable; fractured, porous. Location – top of hill, valley, steep slope, etc. Nearby wells and yields. Method for finding water. Water as a Reource 27 Springs Springs Water as a Reource 28 Finding Water in Drilled Wells – Challenges Water as a Reource 29 Finding Water ◼ ◼ Walter Thomas, Port Clyde, NS Water witching? Hydrogeology? Brian O’Brien, Green Bay, NS Water as a Reource 30 Today 1. 2. 3. 4. Reflection. Introduction to resources. Water resources. Water problems and pollution. Water as a Reource 31 Working in Groups ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Describe some problems with ground water. List the ways groundwater and surface water can be polluted. What can be done about these sources of pollution? Complete the Group Reporting Form. Water as a Reource 32 Problems and Pollution Water as a Reource 33 What are some of the problems? ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Too much withdrawal from wells. Not enough recharge. Blockage of recharge area. Salt water intrusion. Point sources and non-point sources of poolution. Pollution of groundwater. Karst. Water as a Reource 34 Problems – Withdrawal San Joaquin Valley, Central Faulting and CA earthquakes from water withdrawal. Water as a Reource 35 Blockage of Recharge Area Water as a Reource 36 Finding Water in Drilled Wells – Challenges Water as a Reource 37 Finding Water in Drilled Wells – Challenges Water as a Reource 38 Salt Water Intrusion Water as a Reource 39 Point Source Pollution Point source pollution at Climax molybdenum mine in CO. Water as a Reource 40 Possibility of Arsenic in Well Water Some slates in southern NS have arsenic minerals in them. Arsenic can cause severe health problems. Water as a Reource 41 Non-Point Source Pollution Eutrophication is the using-up of oxygen to promote the destruction of algae. Blooms of algae result from large amounts of N, K and P in the water column. Eutrophication of Gulf of Mexico. Flooding of hog farms. Acid mine drainage (AMD). Water as a Reource 42 Karst ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Karst is a type of land form associated with many sink holes in soluble bedrock such as limestone, dolomite, or gypsum. Water removes the minerals of the rock and carries the ions off in solution. Ground water flow rates will increase in karst areas. Pollutants move faster! Karst areas in NS, NB and NL. Water as a Reource 43 Karst – A challenge to groundwater use. Karst – a challenge because water is never ‘filtered’ by moving through sand orCentral sandstone; the water flowes through Florida. open caverns. What goes in goes out! Water as a Reource 44 Karst – A challenge to groundwater use. Central Florida. Water as a Reource 45 Water Resources – Learning Outcomes 1. 2. 3. Define and describe: porosity and permeability, recharge area, aquifer, water table, bedrock and overburden. Describe the operation of the water cycle. Describe the problems associated with potable water from surface or groundwater sources and their potential solutions. Water as a Reource 46 1 Weathering and Erosion Geology 1208.1, Environmental Geology Class 07-2, 16 Oct 2019 Talk was prepared by Group 2 in 2015 and modified by Dr. Howard Donohoe Beach rocks at St. Martins, southern NB. All of these are the products of mechanical weathering (abrasion) and erosion. Purpose  To show how weathering and erosion operate.  To  To discuss rates. link the processes of weathering and erosion to hazardous earth processes. 2 Learning Outcomes by the end of Part 2, students will be able to… 3 1. Define and describe weathering and erosion, and chemical and mechanical weathering. 2. List the agents of weathering and erosion. 3. Discuss the effect of climate on rates of mechanical and chemical weathering. 4. Apply your knowledge of weathering and erosion, their rates of operation, and types and characteristics of rocks to describe how weathering and erosion influence hazardous earth processes. 4 Definitions ⚫ ⚫ Weathering: the various mechanical and chemical processes that cause exposed rock to decompose. Erosion: the process by which the surface of the earth is worn away by the action of water, glaciers, winds, waves, etc. 5 Chemical Weathering Is the breakdown of rock by chemical reactions. 6  The most important reactions:  carbonation, hydration, hydrolysis, oxidation, and ion exchange in solution.  Chemical weathering changes the composition of the rock material toward surface minerals, such as clays.  Water is especially effective at introducing chemically active agents 7 Some Minerals Weather Faster High temperature Low temperature 8 Agents of Chemical Weathering 1. Organic and inorganic acids. 2. Plants and lichens. 3. Microbiological activity. 4. Greatly assisted by water and warm temperatures. 9 Mechanical Weathering Mechanical weathering can also be referred to as PHYSICAL WEATHERING. It is the non-chemical breakdown of rocks. 10 Types of Mechanical Weathering 1. Wetting and drying. 2. Freezing and thawing. 3. Abrasion. 4. Salt crystallization. 5. Wedging ice. 6. Thermal by plants and expansioncontraction. 11 Rates of Weathering Granite – slow. Marble – fast. Cemetery in Shediac, NB. 12 Rates of Weathering Water increases in volume by 10% at 0C. 13 What influences weathering? Climate: wetness, dryness, location Wetness: humidity, rainfall Urban: organic compounds & acids, salt 14 Terrain condition: mountains, valleys 15 Common Agents of Erosion - the sea - rivers - glaciers Keller’s fundamental Concepts 1. Population Growth  2. Sustainability   3. More people live on unstable ground. Use ingenuity and resources safety. Risk analysis for saving money into future. Earth as a system  Weathering 4. Hazardous Earth Processes  5. and erosion are part of system. Weathering and erosion create problems. Scientific Knowledge and Values  Trust scientists, science, and scientific method. 16 Review  Mechanical 17 and chemical weathering.  Which predominates? Depends on climate and moisture. Temperature and moisture control both.  Erosion moves material to another location for deposition.  Consider weathering and erosion in terms of Keller’s concepts. 1 Mineral Resources GEOL 1208.1 ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY 4 NOV 2019, CLASS 10-1 Objectives 1. To describe what a mineral resource is. 2. To show the difference between ‘regular’ minerals and economic minerals. 3. To describe the categories of a resource for extraction. 2 Learning Outcomes By the end of Part 3, students will be able to… 1. Define and describe mineral, mineral resource, categories of resource, ore and economic minerals. 2. Explain why mineral deposits are often associated with volcanoes. 3. Discuss the positive and negative aspects of mining mineral resources. 3 Group Work – 10 minutes  Move into your group when I say so.  Think about mineral resources and their products that you use.  List minerals and their products that you use in everyday life. Think broadly!  At close of time, hand in Group Reporting form. 4 The Odd Name of “Minerals” 1. 2. 3. Minerals – inorganic, naturally occurring, definite composition and structure; minerals make rocks. Minerals – anything of economic value. Includes rocks and minerals. Minerals – anything defined by the Mineral Resources Act in Nova Scotia as a substance to be regulated. Includes rocks and minerals. 5 Resource Categories Already Identified Presently Economic Reserves Not Presently Economic Sub-economic or Conditional Resources 6 Undiscovered Economic Minerals 7 Gold from Nova Scotia Gypsum Diamonds Halite – ore of salt. Graphite Economic Minerals – Terms  Economic value. mineral – any mineral or rock of  Mineral deposit – a mass of concentrated minerals.  Ore – an economic mineral concentrated enough to be mined for a profit. 8 Economic Minerals  Non-metallic minerals: also called industrial minerals (diamonds, gypsum, salt), structural materials (aggregate, clay, sand). Chemical feedstock: halite’  Metallic minerals: gold, galena (lead), sphalerite (zinc), tantalite (tantalum).  Energy minerals: coal, peat, oil shale. 9 Formation of Mineral Deposits  Extremely varied processes.  All processes concentrate minerals.  Some of the concentrations can be mined for a profit – thus ore.  Processes involve internal and surface processes of the earth.  All rock types may host a mineral deposit: intrusive, volcanic, sedimentary, and metamorphic. 10 Formation of Mineral Deposits Look at the map. What does the location suggest? Subduction related processes. 11 Gold, copper, molybdenum deposits in the Western Hemisphere. Volcanoes and Mineral Deposits 12 From deep seated porphyries of coppermoly-gold to near surface gold veins. Volcanoes are the surface expression of processes that concentrate elements. Mining sulphur in a dormant volcano. Rio Blanco Copper Mine, Chile. Located in an old volcano Concentration Factors 13 Element Average Crustal Concentration Concentration Factor Aluminum (Al) Iron (Fe) Titanium (Ti) Chromium (Cr) 8% 5.8% 0.86% 0.0096% 3 to 4 6 to 7 25 to 100 4000 to 5000 Zinc (Zn) Copper (Cu) Silver (Ag) 0.0082% 0.0058% 0.000008% 300 100 to 200 ~100 Platinum (Pt) Gold (Au) 0.0000005% 0.0000002% 600 4000 to 5000 Consumption Patterns 14 Consumption Patterns 15 Review 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Minerals and rocks (senso stricto) form mineral resources. Modern society needs mineral resources. Minerals need to be regulated. Plate tectonics, through boundaries and volcanoes, produce mineral deposits. Processes concentrate elements. Over a lifetime individuals consume 7.78 M kg of minerals. 16 Quiz – Record answers on Group Reporting form 1. How many mineral definitions are there?  Three 2. What Act of the NS Legislature that controls mineral exploration and mining?  Mineral 3. The concentration factor for gold is: (A) 10x; (B) 5000x; or (C) 600x.  (B) 4. Resources Act 5000x Volcanoes may create mineral deposits. T or F  True 17 Resources Soil GEOL 1208.1 Environmental Geology Class 12-2 Dr. Howard Donohoe Farming in the Great Valley of SE Pennsylvania Today we will… 1. 2. Talk about resources. Discuss Soil resources. Soil as a Resource 2 Where are we in the Course? 1. 2. 3. 4. Part 1 – Foundations. Part 2 – Processes and Hazards. Part 3 – Resources. Part 4 – Society, Perspective and Management. Soil as a Resource 3 Objectives – Resources ◼ ◼ ◼ To define what is a resource. To talk about the environmental geology of resources. To reflect on management of resources. Learning Outcomes – Resources 1. 2. 3. Explain the reason(s) for describing minerals (metal, non-metal and energy), water, soil, land and waste as resources. Demonstrate how environmental geology is connected to finding, developing, managing and conserving resources. Propose strategies for the management and conservation of resources. Resources ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Minerals. Energy minerals. Water. Soil. Waste. In the broadest sense, land is a resource. Resources and Environmental Geology ◼ Water. ◼ ◼ Minerals. ◼ ◼ Soil. ◼ ◼ Waste. ◼ Understanding aquifers; searching for water sources. How not to pollute water sources. Applying geological principles to find resources. Understanding geological processes affecting formation, erosion, and conservation. Recycling waste; burial without contamination; understanding ground water flow. Resources and Environmental Geology ◼ Land. ◼ ◼ ◼ Assessing land for potential use; understanding the geological processes operating on it; showing how land may be used sequentially. After each sequential use, land is reclaimed and reused. Contamination must be mitigated. Soil as a Resource Soil as a Resource 9 What do you know about soil? Pair-up and answer the questions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What is soil? What are the two ways that it ‘forms’ in Canada? Are all soils the same in their fertility? What is a soil profile? How does a soil profile indicate fertility and nutrients? Soil as a Resource 10 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Answers What is soil? A mixture of minerals, broken rock, gases, microbes, liquid and insects. What are the two ways that it ‘forms’ in Canada? In situ and transported. Are all soils the same in their fertility? No. What is a soil profile? Vertical section showing layers in a sequence. How does a soil profile indicate fertility and nutrients? Balance of sand and mud/clay, good amount of K, P, N, and large amounts of organic material. Soil as a Resource 11 Soil as a Resource – Objectives ◼ ◼ ◼ To describe what is meant by soil. To illustrate its importance as a resource. To discuss the challenges of soil loss and soil conservation. Soil as a Resource 12 Soil as a Resource – Learning Outcomes 1. 2. 3. Describe soil, soil profile, and soil degradation. Explain how soil may be degraded. Propose various strategies to conserve soil. Soil as a Resource 13 Soil Topics 1. 2. 3. 4. Soil. Soil profile. Soil degradation. Soil conservation. Soil as a Resource 14 Soil Profile Soil as a Resource 15 Soil Formation ◼ ◼ Climate and water a major factor Mechanical Weathering: physical breakdown of minerals by mechanical action. No changes chemically. ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Freezing water expansion (Frost wedging) Break up of rocks and minerals without changing the rock’s composition. Salt crystallization can wedge cracks. Chemical Weathering: breakdown of minerals by chemical reaction Soil Formation Break down of particle size is very important. Soil Profile O – mostly organic. A – organic & mineral. E – light coloured from leaching. B – clay-rich; minerals from above. C – partially weathered rock. Soil as a Resource O A B C 18 O Soil Profile A B C Soil as a Resource 19 Soil ◼ Soil is a granular mixture of weathered rock, water, organic material, gases and life forms. Soil as a Resource 20 Soil ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ The weathered rock is sand and clay size fraction. Clays contain important chemical nutrients attached to outside or inside of clay minerals. Sand size adds granularity to mixture and pore space for the storage for water and gases. The organic material is decayed plants. Soil as a Resource 21 Soil Development – In situ Excellent agricultural soils developed in situ over a long time. Glacial actions did not affect the soil development in situ here. Soil as a Resource 22 Soil Development – Transported Thin transported soils, which are NOT formed in place. Northwest Arm Drive, Halifax ◼ ◼ Transported soils brought into an area. Glacial transport and deposition are usual. Soil as a Resource 23 Importance of Water in Soil See Chapter 16 for more details. ◼ Water ‘holds’ soil grains together. Water, gases & soluble compounds are stored between grains. Soil as a Resource 24 Reflection on Soil Formation and Loss ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Is soil formation and loss continuous? Yes. Processes are dependent on rates of rock & mineral weathering and erosion. Is rate of soil formation uniform? No. The abiotic conditions of an ecosystem affect soil formation. Is soil loss is continuous? Yes. The rate varies depending on natural and anthropologic conditions. Soil as a Resource 25 Time & Space Constraints of Geological Processes – Soil Formation & Erosion Soil as a Resource 26 Group Work – How do we degrade soil? ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Move into groups at my request. Talk about how soil degrades. Prepare your results on the Group Reporting Form. Be prepared to describe the group’s conclusions to the class. Soil as a Resource 27 How does soil degrade? Here are some examples. ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Erosion (improper tilling & planting). Compaction (improper use of vehicles). Urbanization (suburban sprawl). Overgrazing and forest cutting. Loss of fertility (too much water; salt, etc.). Chemical change of soil (pH change, chemicals, salinization, etc.). Soil as a Resource 28 Soil Topics 1. 2. 3. 4. Soil. Soil profile. Soil degradation. Soil conservation. Soil as a Resource 29 Conservation Efforts ◼ How should we conserve soil? Soil as a Resource 30 Purchase answer to see full attachment User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following Studypool's honor code & terms of service.