OU Common Applications of Ceramic Tile in The Interior Environment Questions

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Materials & Textiles
Lecture Guide: Chapter 12: Stone
Fall 2020
STONE
List some common applications of ceramic tile in the interior environment:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Each stone has a range of
and
,
,
,
.
Describe the three major performance characteristics of stone.
Describe the sustainable characteristics of stone. Why are these beneficial in the interior environment?
1
Describe the following types of rock. How are they formed?
Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
Describe the following types of rocks. Are they igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic? What are some
applications for each type?
Gemstones
Granite
2
Serpentine
Malachite
Onyx
Limestone
Travertine
3
Sandstone
Marble
Quartzite
Slate
Soapstone
4
What are the benefits to using engineered stone in place of natural stone?
Describe characteristics of the following types of engineered stone:
Terrazzo
Engineered quartz
Solid surface
Manufactured stone veneer
5
REFLECTION
What are some design considerations must we pay attention to when using stone on walls or floors? Based
on your knowledge of substrates and construction, how would you ensure a seamless, stable installation?
What type of stone was your favorite and why? In what ways would you incorporate it into your studio
projects?
6
CHAPTER 12: STONE
Materials & Textiles | Adrienne Wright | Fall 2020
NATURAL STONE
CHARACTERISTICS
“There’s a bolder in this bathroom!”
One of the oldest and most durable building material
• Used in almost its natural state, with less processing
than other materials
• Fire resistant, normally dense, and strong under
compression
• Low in sound absorption
• Good acoustical reverberation
• “Softness” is a relative trait to other types of stone
• Natural stone is incredibly dense, and as a result, is
heavy in terms of weight. It is important to consider
context and construction when specifying different types
•
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
POROSITY
• Absorption of water – similar to the characteristics
studied in ceramic tile
• Some stone is more porous – absorbs water and stains
(occasionally, water will actually stain the stone)
• The maximum allowable water absorption – from 0.2 %
for marble to 12% for limestone
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
• Measures the resistance to crushing loads
Marble: 1,800 pounds per square inch (PSI)
Granite: 19,000 pounds per square inch (PSI)
ABRASION RESISTANCE
• Determines whether a stone is suitable for use as a
flooring surface. The range is from 0-100
Sandstone / slate: 8
Granite: 25
TYPES OF ROCK
IGNEOUS
• Formed by lava and molten magma
• Generally hardest, strongest, most
resistant to chemicals
[Granite, Malachite, Serpentine, Onyx]
SEDIMENTARY
• Formed under oceans
• compacted into layers by the weight of the water
• Lighter weight than igneous rock
[Limestone, Sandstone, Travertine]
METAMORPHIC
• Formed by extreme pressure and high
temperatures
• Igneous and sedimentary rocks can be changed
during the metamorphic process
[Marble, Quartzite, Slate, Soapstone]
TYPES OF STONE
GEMSTONES
Material & Texitiles 2017 Jingfen Guo
8
GRANITE
CHARACTERISTICS
Igneous rock
Dense, very durable surface
• Harder than marble
• Less susceptible to etching – very difficult to scratch
• Inherently flame resistance
•
FINISH
• Can be polished to create a mirror-like surface or honed,
which is a more matte, textured surface
VISUAL CHARACTER / APPLICATIONS
• Has crystals and distinct grains of various sizes
• Relatively uniform in terms of visual texture
• Often used for floors and countertops
SERPENTINE
CHARACTERISTICS
Igneous rock
• Sometimes mistaken for green marble or jade
• Limited range of colors – pale gray to green to
black
• More abrasion and acid resistant than marble
• Can be prone to warping in extremely wet areas.
FINISH
• Polished finish is most common, although it can
be honed. A penetrating sealer is required.
APPLICATION
• Walls, and often substituted for marble on
countertops
MALACHITE
CHARACTERISTICS
Igneous rock
• Comes from Russia, Africa, and Australia
• Formed over thousands of years as water seeps
through copper formations. The same process
that turns copper green from exposure to water is
what also gives malachite its green color
• Extremely hard and flame resistance
FINISH
• Usually highly polished, comes in various shades
of green
APPLICATION
• Interior accents, fireplace surrounds
ONYX
CHARACTERISTICS
Igneous rock
• Translucent appearance
• Heavy veining
• Soft stone, not very abrasion resistant
FINISH
• Polished finish is most common as it enhances
translucency
• A penetrating sealer is required
APPLICATIONS
• Light fixtures
• Decorative inlays
• Decorative wall panels and floor tiles
• Countertops and backsplashes
• Sinks and shower surrounds
LIMESTONE
CHARACTERISTICS
Sedimentary rock
• Formed under oceans, compacted into layers by
the weight of the water
• Susceptible to etching by acids
• Calcite base
• Ranges in color from gray to tan to pink
• Soft stone, very absorbent
• Light weight
FINISH
• Honed as limestone is too soft to polish.
• Requires a penetrating sealer
APPLICATION
• Generally used in the exterior for a rustic look
TRAVERTINE
CHARACTERISTICS
Sedimentary rock
• Calcite based stone
• Ranges in color from tan to brown to red to
orange
• Cross-cut travertine has holes that can be filled
• Lighter and more porous than limestone
FINISH
• Can be polished or honed
• Penetrating sealer is required
• Holes can be filled if a smoother finish is desired
APPLICATION
• Can be used as flooring, as the natural, porous
pattern can conceal dirt
• Can also be used for walls
SANDSTONE
CHARACTERISTICS
Sedimentary rock
• Highly resistant to acids, alkalis (resists
discoloring when exposed to alkali materials or
chemicals), and thermal impact
• Colors range from grey to yellow to red to white
– this is dependent on the mineral content of the
location from which it is harvested
• Hardness varies
FINISH
• Can be polished or honed
APPLICATIONS
• Exteriors, interior flooring, and countertops
MARBLE
CHARACTERISTICS
Metamorphic rock
• Calcite-based stone
• Has noticeable veining patterns (what makes
marble desirable)
• Comes in a very broad range of colors
• Derived from limestone – formed when limestone
is exposed to extreme heat and pressure
(metamorphism)
• Easily scratched and stained
FINISH
• Polished or honed finishes are common
APPLICATION
• Interior flooring, walls, furniture tops, and
countertops
QUARTZITE
CHARACTERISTICS
• Very hard, dense stone
• Coarse, crystalline appearance
• Metamorphosed sandstone (but much harder)
• Broad range of colors available
FINISH
• Hard enough o achieve a high polish, but can be
finished in a broad range of sheens
APPLICATION
• Used in road construction
• For interiors it is commonly seen as countertops
SLATE
CHARACTERISTICS
Metamorphic rock
• Hard, durable surface
• Surface can be cleft or smooth
• Many colors available, and may be extremely
varied in the same piece of stone
FINISH
• Cannot be polished – rubbed and honed finishes
are available
• Penetrating sealer (and top dressing) may be
required
APPLICATION
• Countertops, walkways (exterior as well), and
roof shingles
SOAPSTONE
CHARACTERISTICS
Metamorphic rock
• Tough and durable
• Does not react to heat
• Nonporous, does not absorb water or stains
• Colors vary from light blue-gray to dark charcoal
FINISH
• Usually finished on a weekly basis with mineral oil, which can
darken the color
• Honed finish is common as it is too soft for high polish
APPLICATION
• Countertops, hearths, and steps
COMPOSITE STONE
TERRAZZO
CHARACTERISTICS
Marble, quartz, and granite chips (consists of
at least 70% stone) or glass chips
• Chips are housed in a binder: portland cement,
polyurethane modified cement, or epoxy matrix
• Color varies depending on the aggregate and
the color of binder
•
TYPES
Various size of aggregates
• Standard Terrazzo – made from relatively small
chips; typically ground and polished
• Rustic Terrazzo – slightly exposed chips with
rough nonslip texture
• Palladiana Terrazzo – use of the largest
aggregate (15”) with smaller chips filling with
spaces between
•
ENGINEERED QUARTZ
CHARACTERISTICS
• 93% pulverized quarts in a polyester resin binder
• Wide variety of colors and patterns available
• May resemble natural granite in appearance, but it
is harder than granite
• Resistant to abrasion
• One of the most durable materials for countertops
• Not suitable for exterior use as resin is not UV
stable
• Engineered quartz is less heat resistant than
natural stone
• Can be used for stairs, flooring, and countertops
SOLID SURFACE
CHARACTERISTICS
• Developed primarily to be used as countertops,
but also can be used for signage, wall panels,
tub/shower surrounds
• Usually composed of bauxite, acrylic or polyester
resins, pigment, marble dust/quartz/glass fiber
• Each brand has a different composition
• Acrylic and polyester blends may be Class B firerated, and tend to have color applied to the
surface, so they might show white marks when
scratched
• Harder than wood
• Nonporous, so not affected by water or changes
in humidity;
• mold/bacteria resistant
• Fire resistant
• Stain and chemical resistant
MANUFACTURED STONE VENEER
CHARACTERISTICS
• Lightweight concrete mix (Portland cement,
aggregate, admixtures, mineral oxide
colors)
• Various sizes and colors are available
• Looks like real stone
• Used where the look of natural stone is
desired but is prohibitive due to weight
limitations
CHAPTER 12: STONE
Materials & Textiles | Adrienne Wright | Fall 2020

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